Review Sheet #2 - Spring 2016
Example Questions - Most begin with ex or a -

Endian 
  - big vs little
  - explain the difference?
  - why know the difference?
  - why choose one over the other?
 

- Binary Multiplication
  Serial Multiplier (Shift Multiplier)
   Booth Encoding
   Booth Recoding (bit-pair encoding)
     Example Questions:
       -How many shifts and adds are required by ...
       -Show how to use each method to multiply two numbers

Example Questions:
   Ex: Find 9 * 10 with a shift multiplier (show work)
   Ex: Find 9 * 10 using booth encoding
   Ex: Find 9 * 10 using booth encoding with recoding
   Ex: How many shifts and adds are required by 9 * 10 with a shift, encoded and recoded multiplication.




Chapter 4 (56-57)
   Clock Rate
   Instruction Rate
   Fetch-Execute Cycle

Example Question:
   Ex: What is the fetch-execute cycle?
   Ex: Why do we care about the fetch execute cycle?
   Ex: What is a clock rate?
   Ex: What is Hz? 
   Ex: How do I go from Hz to number of instructions per second?
   Ex: How is the clock rate and instruction rate different?


Chapter 5 
   opcodes, operands and results (p63)
      Ex: What's an opcode? How does it relate to assembly?
   variable length vs fixed length instructions (63-64)
      Ex: What impliciations are there for variable vs fixed length instructions? 
      Ex: Which pipeline stage suffers from variable length instructions?
      Ex: Which is RISC?
   registers(64-66)
      Ex: What is it and waht is it used for?
   CISC vs RISC (67)
      Ex: Name 5 features that distinguish RISC from CISC?
   Fetch, decode, read, execute and store (p58)
   pipelines (68)
      Ex: What is a pipeline? 
      Ex: What are the 5 stages and what do they do?
      Ex: Given the added complexity, why do we use pipelines?
   pipeline and stall, consequences, forwarding, no-op (68-73)
      Ex: What are pipeline stalls or hazards?
      Ex: How do pipeline stalls affect the clock rate?
      Ex: How do pipeline stalls affect the instruction rate?
      Ex: What is a no-op and why might it be used?
      Ex: How many clock cycles does this code take to run? What is it's instruction rate given a specific clock rate?
      Ex: What is forwarding? Why is it used?
      Ex: How long does this code take to run with forwarding?
   program counter, fetch-execute, branching and effects (73-74)
      Ex: What is the program counter and how is it used?
      Ex: What are the effects of branching on the fetch - execute cycle? How about the pipeline?
   subroutines/functions (75)
      Ex: Name 2 ways that arguments are passed to functions? 
      Ex: How do nested function calls work in assembly?
   MIPS in brief (77)
      Ex: What's this assembly do? Convert it to C++.
   Minimalistic, orthogonality and RISC (78-79)
      Ex: Why are RISC so concerned with being minimal and orthogonal?
   Condition Codes (cc) (p80)
      Ex: What are condition codes? How are they used?


Chapter 6

- addressing designs
   0, 1, 2 or 3 addresses design
     -What kind of architecture is a 0 address architecture? Where might it be used?
     -What kind of architecture is a 1 address architecture? Where might it be used?
     -How do you write 'this' line of code in an x address architecture?
   Size of instructions
     -What advantage does a 2 address architecture have over a 3 address architecture?
     -Why is a specific address architecture chosen over another?
     -What is the size of an instruction in an x address architecture if opcodes are y bits and operands are z bits?
   Length of Programs
     -How long is an x address program that is a translation of this C++ code?
   

- instruction formats and tradeoffs
  	  Ex: What features does a designer of an architecture have to consider when choosing their instruction set?
     programming ease
          ex: Does it matter how easy it is to program in assembly?
     # of instruction (size of instruction set)
          Ex: What advantage do smaller instruction sets have?
     size of instructions
     	  Ex: Why is the size of instructions important to consider?
     size of immediate values
     	  Ex: What is an immediate and why does its size matter in assembly?
     fetch/decode speeds
          ex: Why is the speed of a fetch or decode important?
     hardware size
     	  ex: Why does hardware size play a factor in architectural considerations?

- memory addressing
     immediate
     direct register reference
     indirect through register
     direct memory
     indirect memory reference
          Exs: What are memory addressing models? Where are they used? How are they used? Why are there so many? Which ones must be available in an instruction set?